定语从句：
（一）基础：引导词---who,which,that,whom,
练习1.I like cities___________are quiet and clean. 2.I prefer students _________are hard- working.
3.I hate TV shows _________ are noisy and boring.4.The music __________ is gentle and quiet attracts me a lot.
5.The food __________tastes delicious is not always healthy.
6.Those boys ___________ are playing basketballs over there are from Class Fifteen.
7.The books ____________ are written by Lu Xun are worth reading.
8.The town ___we visited last week is much larger than before.9.The book ___ he bought is very interesting.
（二）特例：只用that的情况
1先行词被___________或___________所修饰，或本身是______________________时，只能用 that，
2.被修饰的先行词为 ________________________________________________等不定代词时,只能用 that.
3.先行词被 _____________________________________________等词修饰时，只能用 that，而不用 which。
4.先行词里同时含有______________________，如I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.
5. 以______________________引导的`特殊疑问句，只能用that.如： Who is the girl that is crying?
练习1. I am interested in everything___ is about the 2006 World Cup.
2. Is there anything___I can do for you? 3. This is the very bike ______I lost
4.To my surprise,he gave me nothing __ I need. 5.This is the best dictionary __ I have ever used.
6. He was the first person _______passed the exam.
7.He talked happily about the men and books________interested him greatly.
（三）whose
1. The student ______father works in the factory is sitting there.
2. I like the rooms ______windows face south.3. This is the desk ______legs were broken.
4The woman ___ umbrella you took is angry about it.5.Here comes a girl ___ handwriting is the best .
6The banana __skin is green can’t be eaten.7That tall tree _ leaves are yellow is very old.
（四）从句谓语单复数由先行词确定，时态由从句时间状语决定，不必跟主句保持一致。
1-He is one of the boys who ____ (doesn’t,don’t) finish doing homework.
2-I like films which ____(be) exciting and interesting.
3-Children who often ____(eat) junk food are easy to become fat and unhealthy.
4-That boy who _____(run) fastest is from our class.
5Those boys who ____ playing the guitar are from our school. (be)
6The trees which _____ (be) watered yesterday belong to them. 7The man who ____ over there is our teacher.(stand) 8Those boys who ____ playing the guitar are from our school. (be)
9Mr. Brown is one of the foreign experts _______ _________ (work) in China.
10I’m one of the boys ______ ________(like) English best.
(五)“介词＋关系代词”注意： 介词的选用要考虑：
A.与先行词的搭配关系
1）I will never forget the day __________ I joined the army.
2) I will never forget the days ______ I worked here.
3) I will never forget the year ____________ my son went to college.
B. 与谓语动词的搭配习惯
1）Have you found the book ________I paid 29 dollars?
2）Have you found the book ________I spent 29 dollars?
3) Have you found the book _____________we learnt a lot?
4) Have you found the book _______she often talks?
格(case)是名词或代词具有的形式及其变化，表示与其它词的关系。英语的名词有三个格：主格(nominative case)、宾语(objective case)和所有格(possessive case)。但英语的名词除所有格有形式的变化外，主格和宾格都没有形式变化。名词在句中是主格或是宾格，主要通过它在句中的作用和位置来确定。如：
My brother always misplaces his 我弟弟常常乱放他的书包。
(brother是主语，故为主格;schoolbag是misplaces的宾语，故是宾格)
Every written sentence should begin with a capital 每个书写出来的句子开头都要用大写字母。(sentence在句中作主语，故是主格;letter是介词with的宾语，故是宾格)
表示有生命的东西的名词的所有格
表示有生命的东西的名词(人或动物)的末尾，加上's，即构成所有格，可放在另一名词之前，作定语用。如：
John's friend约翰的朋友
Xiao Wang's notebook小王的笔记本
children's books儿童读物
my father's room我父亲的房间
[英语语法手册]英语名词所有格与它所修饰的名词的逻辑关系
名词所有格在逻辑上可能是它所修饰的名词的主语，也可能是它所修饰的名词的宾语。
1)名词所有格是它所修饰的名词的逻辑主语。如：
the Party's concern of the younger generation党对年青一代的关怀
the hatred of the soldiers for the enemy士兵对敌人的仇恨
2)名词所有格是它所修饰的名词的逻辑宾语。如：
the reactionary rule's overthrow反动统治的被推翻
the occupation of the city by the enemy敌人对该城的占领
"of+名词所有格"
上面讲的两种所有格的形式可以结合起来，构成"of'+所有格"形式，表示部分观念或感情色彩。这种所有格叫做双重所有格。如：
1)表示部分观念：
a friend of my sister's (= one of my sister's friends)我妹妹的一个朋友;a picture of Wu's吴先生(具有的照片中)的一张照片(比较：a picture of Wu吴先生本人的照片，即照片上是吴先生的像)。
2)表示感情色彩：
this lovely child of your aunt's你婶母的这个可爱的孩子
名词所有格所修饰的词的省略
名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提到，往往可以省略，以免重复。如：
The dictionary is not mine,but Xiao Wang'这本词典不是我的，是小王的。
名词所有格后面指地点等的名词，有的习惯上可省去不用。如：
I met him at the Johnson's (shop).我在约翰逊商店遇见了他。
I went to my uncle's (house) 我昨天到我叔叔家去
our time (employ) usefully,it will either turn out some useful and important piece of work which will fetch its price in the
precious hours of childhood and youth,if properly used,(supply) us with incalculable
(attach) to the rings so the trainers can control the animals,which weigh up to 350kilogram,with only a slight pull on the
then a nurse (arrive),and was attending to the
(find) in Chinese texts that are dated as far back as 3000
’s popularity began to decline in the early years of the twentieth century,but its reputation
(restore) in recent
new Disney movie (release) on March
If you have kids,and they (not see) this film yet,it’s safe to say they will enjoy
The 10-seater plane crashed as it (land) in Butte in March
The National Transportation Safety Board is asking regulators to require all passengers to have their own seats and seat belt ,including children under the age of 2,
who (allow) to sit on an adult’s lap
After many hours of waiting patiently in the hall of the nursing home,she (smile)
Sweetly when told her the room was
Stanley Hayes Munro is a toothpick engineer,who (hook) by toothpick model since he built his first sculpture in
If a person receives poor service from a store,he probably (avoid) shopping there in the
So far,popular games,like Grand Theft Auto (blame) for everything from falling results at school to causing acts of extreme
I guess I (hook) because this spring I was back in the woods searching for
By the time I (spot) him,he was flying deep into the
Data shows the majority of women who smoke (try) to quit if they find out they
are
If we can show these children that there are other options,we hope they
(not persuade) to join the
High school decided to have an All-School Yates,the English teacher for fifty years,(wheel) to the
In the UK,technologies like this (help) achieve a 31% drop in vehicle-related crimes since
It (predict) that relationships and traditional household structure will be transformed as women are earning more money than their male
Mr Willetts said there was clear evidence from school that boys are ‘lagging behind’,
And (overtake),to some people’s surprise,by female students at
Then it hit me---- why would she not want to tell me about what she (do)?
In recent years,stress (regard) a cause of a whole range of medical problems,from high blood pressure to mental
Ⅰ 用适当形式填空.
He __________ back a month (come)
My mother often tells me __________ in (not read)
I must take it back the day after You can only __________ it for 24 (keep)
Why have you kept me __________ here for so long a time? (wait)
Please come to our meeting if you __________ free (be)
She __________ to the Great Wall several (go)
In his letter,he said that he __________ us very (miss)
The film __________ for nearly fifteen minutes when I got to the (be)
He said he became __________ in (interest)
This film is worth (see)
He went to school instead of __________ (go)
In the old days it was difficult for the poor to __________ a ( find)
It's cold outside,so you'd better __________ your (put on)
He is Please give him something (eat)
Please don't waste time __________ TV every You should word hard at (watch)
We found the window (break)
You have dropped your (拾起它)
Mother often tells me __________ too (not come home)
You had better __________ by bus,or you will be (go)
I will __________ Li Ming the good news as soon as I see ( tell)
Great changes __________ in our country since (take place)
I __________ my daughter since last (hear from)
It __________ me two days to write the (took)
Don't touch that __________ (sleep)
Every time he tried to start the car,the wheels __________ deepersintosthe (sink)
When I got home,I found that my room __________ breaksintosand a lot of things (steal)
If I had arrived there earlier,I __________ (meet)
I didn't remember __________ her the book (give)
He called at every door,__________ people the exciting (tell)
Yesterday Mary couldn't finish her homework,so she has to go on __________ it this (do)
备考建议
(一)坚持听说训练，加深巩固单词在大脑中的痕迹。
01
每天都要坚持听英语磁带并跟着朗读
每天坚持20分钟，关键是要养成每天坚持练习的习惯。听力技能的提高可以大大提高英语课堂的听课效率，在英语学习过程中，一定要扩大听和读的练习时间。一方面，纠正自己发音的错误，大胆张口，学说一口地道的英语;另一方面，逐渐培养起自己的英语语感。
02
每天坚持背诵单词。
英语单词量的深度和广度是外语学习成绩好坏的一个标志，掌握大量的单词非常有助于外语的学习。英语学习，词汇为本。随着词汇量的增加，阅读理解水平才有可能随之提高。对小学阶段学过的单词按照读音规则进行分类，对于一些不认识的单词，不必急于知道意思，先按照拼读规则读出来，做到“见词读音、听音写词”。
03
课文背诵。
熟练背诵脱口而出，背诵是英语学习中非常重要的一个环节，每天学到的课文要背诵，经常复习，增强熟练程度，以达到脱口而出的地步。
04
抄录和记录接触到的句型和习惯用语。
(二)制定计划，系统复习。学生自己为自己制定复习计划，认真审视自己，自己在哪方面薄弱，就从哪方面重点复习。清理时态、语态，熟练掌握动词各种形式的作用。小学阶段共学习了四种时态，同学们要做到正确判断和灵活应用时态、语态和动词的各种形式，任何英语考试中几乎每一道题都离不了动词的变化。
(三)重视看试卷。分析、熟记自己所犯的错误，并找出犯错误的原因加以纠正，建议学生准备一个纠错本。做题不在于多，而在于精，对于同类型的题，注意总结。把每次考试当成一次检测和学习，错了的题及时纠正，以免以后再犯错。
(四)每天一篇短文阅读，每周一篇书面表达。六年级毕业班的英语学习，建议学生每天坚持做一篇任务型阅读理解或短文填空，一方面增加词汇量，另一方面提高做题速度及效率。书面表达可以写自己身边发生的生活小事，单词不熟悉可以通过查字典来解决，用简单的句型。每周写一篇，及时让老师修改。另外，建议学生多背诵一些优秀范文。
英语学习中的要求：
(一)做好课前预习。提前预习老师要讲的新的语法知识点，对不懂得标记出来上课认真听讲。
(二)参与课堂活动。抓住机会积极答问，敢于在全班同学面前大声背诵，敢于参加表演活动，不要怕犯错误。上课时应认真听讲，做好笔记。课堂上要记录什么呢?首先是老师讲解的重点句子，其次要记下老师板书的重要内容，最后要记下不懂的地方或者所感所得。可以将这些记录在课本上，如果遇到了不懂的问题，不要浪费很多时间思索，继续跟着老师的节奏走，下课后再询问老师。
(三)课后复习。课后复习内容包括词汇、句子、语法和练习题。复习方式有大声朗读和背诵，听录音带写词写句，阅读相关语言材料，做练习题。
1. He __________ back a month ago. (come)
2. My mother often tells me __________ in bed. (not read)
3. I must take it back the day after tomorrow. You can only __________ it for 24 hours. (keep)
4. Why have you kept me __________ here for so long a time? (wait)
5. Please come to our meeting if you __________ free tomorrow. (be)
6. She __________ to the Great Wall several times. (go)
7. In his letter,he said that he __________ us very much. (miss)
8. The film __________ for nearly fifteen minutes when I got to the cinema. (be)
9. He said he became __________ in physics. (interest)
10. This film is worth __________. (see)
11. He went to school instead of __________ home. (go)
12. In the old days it was difficult for the poor to __________ a job. ( find)
13. Its cold outside,so youd better __________ your coat. (put on)
14. He is hungry. Please give him something __________. (eat)
15. Please dont waste time __________ TV every evening. You should word hard at English. (watch)
1. He __________ back a month ago. (come)
2. My mother often tells me __________ in bed. (not read)
3. I must take it back the day after tomorrow. You can only __________ it for 24 hours. (keep)
4. Why have you kept me __________ here for so long a time? (wait)
5. Please come to our meeting if you __________ free tomorrow. (be)
6. She __________ to the Great Wall several times. (go)
7. In his letter， he said that he __________ us very much. (miss)
8. The film __________ for nearly fifteen minutes when I got to the cinema. (be)
9. He said he became __________ in physics. (interest)
10. This film is worth __________. (see)
11. He went to school instead of __________ home. (go)
12. In the old days it was difficult for the poor to __________ a job. ( find)
13. It‘s cold outside， so you’d better __________ your coat. (put on)
14. He is hungry. Please give him something __________. (eat)
15. Please don‘t waste time __________ TV every evening. You should word hard at English. (watch)
16. We found the window __________. (break)
17. You have dropped your pencil. __________. (拾起它)
18. Mother often tells me __________ too late. (not come home)
19. You had better __________ by bus， or you will be late. (go)
20. I will __________ Li Ming the good news as soon as I see him.( tell)
21. Great changes __________ in our country since 1978. (take place)
22. I __________ my daughter since last month. (hear from)
23. It __________ me two days to write the article. (took)
24. Don’t touch that __________ child. (sleep)
25. Every time he tried to start the car， the wheels __________ deepersintosthe mud. (sink)
26. When I got home， I found that my room __________ breaksintosand a lot of things __________. (steal)
27. If I had arrived there earlier， I __________ him. (meet)
28.I didn‘t remember __________ her the book before. (give)
29. He called at every door， __________ people the exciting news. (tell)
30. Yesterday Mary couldn’t finish her homework， so she has to go on __________ it this afternoon. (do)
31. We __________ football when it began to rain. We had to stop and go home. (play)
32. Xiao Lin __________ from here for about two hours. (be away)
33.swheres__________? Can you find your birth place on the map?
Sorry， I can‘t. (be born)
34. Last night we __________ back home until the teacher left school. (not go)
35. Comrade Li Dazhao __________ in prison in 1927. (put)
36. Where is professor Lee?
He __________ to the library. He’ll come back soon. (go)
37. We could not help __________ after we heard the story. (laugh)
38. Would you please __________ me an English-Chinese dictionary when you come? (bring)
39. He told me that he __________ the Great Wall the year before. (visit)
40. I‘ll tell him the news as soon as he __________ back. (come)
初一英语时态选择练习题
同学们，英语学习过程中会有很多的时态，需要我们加强题目练习，从中发现规律。下面老师就为大家总结一些时态选择练习题。详情请看
时态选择精选练习题一
33. –What are you doing?--____.
A.I’m looking the picture.B.I looking at the picture. C.I’m looking at the kite. D.I look at some bottles.
34. –Is Daming writing a postcard?—Yes,he ___ .
A.does B.is C.can D.isn’t
35. Look! Mary __ ,and the other students ___ in the classroom.
A.draw;write B.is drawing;are writing C.draw;writing D.is drawing;write
36. –What is your father doing?—My father ___ me.
A.helps B.is helping C. are helping D.help
37. They __ the Great Wall tomorrow morning.
A.visit B.visits C.are visiting D.are going to visit
38. I ___ to my hometown next month.
A. go B.went C. will go D.have gone
初中英语学习对as,though 引导的倒装句的方法总结
【—学习对as,though 引导的倒装句的方法总结】as,though 引导的倒装句同学们是否了解了呢？下文老师为大家带来介绍！
as,though 引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 （形容词,副词,分词,实义动词提前）。
注意：
1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。
2) 句首是实义动词,其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will,he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
注意:
让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。
as,though 引导的倒装句的几个注意要点希望同学们不要忽视了！
almost与nearly用法区别详解
一、相同之处
两者均可表示“几乎”“差不多”，均可修饰不定代词、形容词、副词、动词、介词短语等，此时两者常可换用。如：
It’s almost [nearly] impossible. 那几乎是不可能的。(修饰形容词)
He almost [nearly] always arrives late. 他差不多总是迟到。(修饰副词)
He fell and almost [nearly] broke his leg. 他摔了一跤，险些摔断了腿。(修饰动词)
Almost [Nearly] all the students passed the exam. 差不多所有的都通过了。(修饰不定代词)
注意：修饰动词时，通常应放在行为动词之前，特殊动词之后(见上例)；修饰形容词、副词、名词等时，通常应将其放在被修饰词语之前，否则会造成错误。如：
◎他了几乎一整天。
正：He worked almost all day.
误：He almost worked all day.
◎我们当中几乎每一个人都读过这本书。
正：Almost every one of us read the book.
误：Every one of us almost read the book.
二、不同之处
1. almost 可用于 any 以及 no,none,nobody,nothing,never 等否定词之前，但 nearly 一般不这样用。如：
Almost any man can do it. 几乎任何人都会做。
Almost no one came to the party. 几乎没有人来参加晚会。
I almost never see her. 我几乎从未见过她。
但是，两者都可用在否定动词之前。如：
He almost [nearly] didn’t catch the bus. 他差点没赶上公共汽车。
2. nearly 前可用 very,pretty,not 等词修饰 初中物理，但 almost 之前不能用这些词。如：
It’s not nearly so difficult as you think. 这远不像你的那么难。
The car is pretty nearly new. 这汽车几乎是全新的。
注：not nearly 意为“远非”，very [pretty] nearly 意为“几乎”，都是习语。
3. 有时 almost 可表示十分相似(但又不完全相同)，此时不用 nearly。如：
I almost wish I’d stayed at home. 我真有点后悔没在家里呆着。
Our cat understands everything — he’s almost human. 我们这只猫什么都懂——快通人性了。
初中英语过去完成时的语法大全
【—过去完成时的】过去完成时就是表示过去的过去，下面就是老师为大家带来的它的几种用法。
1） 概念：表示过去的过去
-------------------->其构成是had +过去分词构成。
那时以前 那时 现在
2） 用法
a. 在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句。
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。
When the police arrived,the thieves had run away.
c. 表示意向的动词，如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"
We had hoped that you would come,but you didn't.
3) 过去完成时的时间状语before,by,until ,when,after,once,as soon as。
He said that he had learned some English before.
By the time he was twelve,Edison had began to make a living by himself.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
典型例题
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written,left B，were writing,has left C. had written,had left D. were writing,had left
答案D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前，因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此
前一句应用过去进行时。
注意： had no … when 还没等…… 就……
had no sooner… than 刚…… 就……
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.
上面除了对现在完成时的概念和用法带来介绍还有它的一些典型的例题。供同学们在学习上帮助。
初中英语语法大全辅导之双宾结构
【—辅导之双宾结构】关于双宾结构的语法讲解，同学们需要掌握下面的'内容。
双宾结构：
pass / give / teach / offer / lend / send / sell / call / show / buy / ask / tell 等可加双宾结构。也就是接sb + sth.
Pass me the book,please. He gave us some pens.
其中pass,give,offer,lend,send,sell,show等也可接sth + to sb. 如: lend the book to me.
buy,build等可接sth + for sb. My brother bought a dictionary for me.
另外，若sth是代词时，不用双宾结构。Please show it to me. 而不说show me it.
希望上面对双宾结构语法的讲解学习，同学们能很好的掌握此语法，希望同学们的英语知识学习的更好。
初中英语语法大全之形容词和副词比较级
【—之形容词和副词比较级】同学们认真看看，下面是老师对形容词和副词比较级语法知识的讲解内容。
形容词和副词比较级
讲述两者有差异,第一个人物超过第二个人物时,用比较级。基本句型：
主语(‘A’)+谓语动词+(much/a little/even/still)+形容词/副词比较级+than+第二个人物(‘B’)+….
如：A modern train is much faster than a car.(现代的火车比轿车快多了) / This book didn’t cost me more than that one.(这本书花费我的钱不比那本多)
讲述两者有差异,第一个人物不及第二个人物时,用比较级。句型是：
主语(‘A’) + 谓语动词 + less+ (多音节形/副)比较级 + than + 第二个人物(‘B’) 初二 +….
如：I think English is less difficult than maths.(我认为英语不比数学难)/ Do you think it less important to learn a foreign language?(你认为学外语不那么重要吗？)
通过上面对形容词和副词比较级语法知识的学习，相信同学们对此语法知识已经能很好的掌握了，希望同学们考试成功。
初一英语作文：我的新牙刷
oh! my god. my toothbrush was broken last sunday. i couldn't brush my teeth. so i went shopping with my mother. there were so many tooth brushes.
finally we chose a blue one. there is a blue bird in it. it made in guangzhou. it is ten yuan. it's too expensive. but it is so beautiful. and i like it very much. so we bought it. my mother said that it is good for my teeth. then we went home. i can brush my teeth now. how happy i am 初三!
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