托福阅读过关三招之逻辑关系把握

托福阅读主要涉及五大逻辑关系：因果关系、对比转折关系、比较关系、否定关系与并列递进关系。不同的逻辑关系以不同的词汇表达，这些词汇既包含关联词，像while,
but(表示对比转折关系)等，也包含一些实词，如lead to (表示因果关系)。表示上述五大逻辑关系的常见词汇如下：

1. 显性因果：

因：because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of,
with(由于，随着)

果：so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus, consequently,
accordingly

2. 隐性因果：

a. 导致(因—果)：cause, reason(推断), lead to, give rise to, result in, render,
make, let, ask, support, push, stimulate, spark, spur, fuel, produce, be
responsible for

b. 由……而来(果—因)：result from, derive from, originate from, initiate from, stem
from, be responsive to, be attributable to

c. 反映/体现(果—因)：reflect, present, demonstrate, suggest, imply, show

d. 考虑到，依赖于(果—因)：given, considering, concerning, in view of, thanks to; rely
on, depend on, resort to, according to

e. 条件关系：when, once, as soon as, as long as

f. 被动语态(by之后为原因)

g. 分词短语、不定式、独立主格做状语

1. 对比：while, whereas; on the other hand, conversely, on the contrary, in
contrast; unlike, different from; differ; before, prior to, after

2. 转折：but, although, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, notwithstanding,
however

1. 比较级：as … as, more … than, -er than, less … than

2. *

a. 本身有*含义：maximum, minimum, peak, outstanding, top

b. 本身程度比较深：amazing, surprising, astonishing, prohibitively high

c. 否定+比较=*

3.对比

a. 变化：change, alter, vary, modify, revise, increase, decrease, enhance,
diminish, develop, progress, advance, improve, retreat, degenerate, continue,
remain

b. 差异：different, distinct, distinguish, separate, same, similar,
comparable, compare … to

c. 超越：surpass, exceed, excel, over

1. 显性否定：no, not, never, nor, none, neither

2. 隐性否定：fail to, refuse, remove, miss, reject, absence of, lack of

3. 否定前缀：a-, ab-, dis-, il-, im-, in-, non-, un-

4. 双重否定：not fail to, not illegal=legal, not uncommon=common

and, furthermore, moreover, in addition, beyond that, as well as

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